I-China Consumer Daily ibike (intatheli uLi Jian) Vula isivalo (isikhwama), sesilungele ukudliwa, sinambitheka kahle, futhi kulula ukusigcina. Muva nje, ukudla okusemathinini sekuyinto ebalulekile ohlwini lwamasheya emindeni eminingi. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwamuva nje oluku-inthanethi lwabathengi abangaphezu kuka-200 olwenziwe yintatheli evela e-China Consumer News lubonise ukuthi ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuthi ukudla akukusha, kumele kube nezilondolozi eziningi kakhulu ezingeziwe, futhi kulahlekelwe ukudla okunomsoco omningi, abantu abaningi banombono ophelele ngokudla okusemathinini. “Ukuthandeka” empeleni akuphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kungabaza kufanele ngempela? Yizwa lokho okushiwo ochwepheshe besayensi yokudla.
Amathini athambile, uke wezwa ngakho?
Ngesikhathi sokuntuleka kwezinto zokwakha, ukudla okusemathinini kwakuvame ukuba ukunambitheka okuhlukile okugcwele "ubukhazikhazi". Ezinkumbulweni eziningi zangemva kweminyaka yama-70 kanye neyangemva kweminyaka yama-80, ukudla okusemathinini kungumkhiqizo onomsoco ongadliwa kuphela ngesikhathi semikhosi noma ukugula.
Ukudla okusemathinini kwake kwaba yinto emnandi etafuleni eliyisicefe labantu abavamile. Cishe noma yikuphi ukudla kungafakwa emathinini. Kuthiwa ukukhethwa kokudla okusemathinini kuyahlukahluka, okungenza abantu bazizwe benothile ngedili eligcwele laseManchurian.
Kodwa-ke, uma umbono wakho ngokudla okusemathinini usesezingeni lezithelo, imifino, inhlanzi nenyama okufakwe emathinini noma emabhodleleni engilazi, kungase kube “okudala” kancane.
“I-National Food Safety Standard for Canned Food” ichaza ngokucacile ukudla okusemathinini njengokudla okungejwayelekile okwenziwe ngezithelo, imifino, isikhunta esidliwayo, inyama yezilwane nezinkukhu, izilwane zasemanzini, njll., okucutshungulwa ngokwelashwa kwangaphambili, ukukufaka emathinini, ukuvala, ukubulala amagciwane ngokushisa kanye nezinye izinqubo. Ukudla okusemathinini okunamagciwane.
Uprofesa Ohlangene uWu Xiaomeng ovela eSikoleni Sesayensi Yokudla kanye Nobunjiniyela Bezokudla eNyuvesi Yezolimo yaseChina uchaze engxoxweni nentatheli evela e-China Consumer News ukuthi incazelo yokudla okusemathinini kuqala ukuvalwa, kanti okwesibili ukufeza ukungazali kwezentengiselwano. Ukupakisha okusebenzisayo kungaba ukupakisha okuqinile okumelwe amathini ensimbi endabuko noma amathini engilazi, noma ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo njengezikhwama ze-aluminium foil kanye nezikhwama zokupheka ezishisa kakhulu, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi ukudla okusemathinini okuthambile. Isibonelo, izikhwama zemifino ezikhwameni ze-aluminium foil ekudleni okuhlukahlukene okuzifudumezayo, noma izikhwama zokupheka ezishisayo ezilungiselelwe kusengaphambili njengezingcezu zengulube ezinongiwe eSichuan kanye nezingcezu zengulube ezinongiwe enhlanzini, konke kungokwesigaba sokudla okusemathinini.
Cishe ngo-2000, njengesigaba sokuqala sezimboni embonini yokudla, ukudla okusemathinini kwaqanjwa kancane kancane ngokuthi “akunampilo”.
Ngo-2003, uhlu lwe-“Top Ten Junk Foods Published by WHO” (ukudla okusemathinini kubhalwe ohlwini) lwabhekwa kabanzi njengesizathu sokubanda kokudla okusemathinini kubantu. Nakuba lolu hlu luye lwaqanjwa amanga ngokuphelele, ukudla okusemathinini, ikakhulukazi “ukudla okusemathinini okuqinile” kwendabuko (okupakishwe ezitsheni zensimbi noma zeglasi), kubonakala kunzima ukuvula iphasiwedi yabantu baseShayina.
Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi nakuba ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusemathinini ezweni lami kuyindawo yokuqala emhlabeni, ukusetshenziswa kokudla okusemathinini ngomuntu ngamunye kungaphansi kwamakhilogremu angu-8, futhi abantu abaningi badla amabhokisi angaphansi kwamabili ngonyaka.
Ukudla ukudla okusemathinini kufana nokudla izithasiselo? Lolu cwaningo oluncane lubonisa ukuthi ama-69.68% abaphenduli abavami ukuthenga ukudla okusemathinini, kanti ama-21.72% abaphenduli bakuthenga ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nakuba ama-57.92% abaphenduli bakholelwa ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini kulula ukukugcina futhi kufanele ukugcine ekhaya, ama-32.58% abaphenduli basakholelwa ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini kuhlala isikhathi eside futhi kumele kube nezithasiselo eziningi kakhulu.
Eqinisweni, ukudla okusemathinini kungenye yokudla okumbalwa okungadingi noma okungadingi izilondolozi eziningi.
I-“National Food Safety Standard for the Use of Food Additives” ibeka ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-bayberry ekheniwe (i-propionic acid kanye nosawoti wayo we-sodium ne-calcium kuvunyelwe ukungezwa, inani eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa lingu-50 g/kg), amahlumela e-bamboo asemathinini, i-sauerkraut, isikhunta esidliwayo kanye namantongomane (kuvunyelwe ukwengeza i-Sulfur dioxide, inani eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa lingu-0.5 g/kg), inyama ekheniwe (i-nitrite ivunyelwe, inani eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa lingu-0.15 g/kg), lezi zinhlobo eziyisithupha zokudla okusemathinini zidinga imithamo ephansi kakhulu yezilondolozi ukuze zibhekane nezinambuzane ezithile, kanti okunye akukwazi ukungezwa.
Ngakho-ke, iyini "inkathi eqandisiwe" yokudla okusemathinini okuvame ukugcinwa unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu noma ngaphezulu ekushiseni kwegumbi?
UWu Xiaomeng utshele intatheli ye-"China Consumer News" ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini empeleni kuvikelwe ngezindlela ezimbili zobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane kanye nokugcinwa okuvalwe. Ezimweni eziningi, ukonakala kokudla kuthintwa yizinto ezincane ezifana namagciwane kanye nezikhunta. Ukucubungula ukudla okusemathinini ngezindlela zokubulala amagciwane ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu kungabangela inani elikhulu lalezi zinto ezincane ukuthi life. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo ezifana nokukhipha umoya kanye nokuvala kunganciphisa kakhulu ukungcola kokudla. Okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo esitsheni kumisa ukukhula kwezinye izinto ezincane ezingaba khona esitsheni, futhi kuvimbele ukudlula komoya-mpilo noma izinto ezincane ngaphandle kwesitsha esitsheni, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ukudla, ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokubulala amagciwane okulawulwayo kanye nokubulala amagciwane kuma-microwave kunesikhathi esifushane sokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kanye nokubulala amagciwane okusebenzayo kakhudlwana.
Ngakho-ke, akudingekile ukukhathazeka ngezithako eziningi kakhulu emikhiqizweni esemathinini. "Isayensi ethandwayo" ku-inthanethi yokuthi "ukudla ukudla okusemathinini kufana nokudla izithako" iyesabisa ngokuphelele.
Ingabe ukudla okusemathinini sekuphelelwe yisikhathi futhi kunomsoco?
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ngaphezu kokukhathazeka ngemithi yokulondoloza ukudla, ama-24.43% abaphendulile babekholelwa ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini akukusha. Phakathi kwabaphenduli abangaphezu kuka-150 “abangathengi njalo” futhi “abangalokothi bathenge” ukudla okusemathinini, ama-77.62% abaphendulile bakholelwa ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini akukusha.
Nakuba abanye abathengi sebeqalile ukucabanga ngokukhetha ukudla okusemathinini okulula ukukugcina ngenxa yezici ezifana nokuvimbela nokulawula ubhubhane kanye nokugcina emakhaya, lokhu akukashintshi umbono wabantu ngokuthi “akusekho”.
Eqinisweni, ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ukudla okusemathinini ngokwako kuwukugcina ukudla kusha.
UWu Xiaomeng uchaze ukuthi ukudla okufana nenyama nenhlanzi kuzokonakala ngokushesha uma kungacutshungulwa ngesikhathi. Uma imifino nezithelo kungacutshungulwa ngesikhathi ngemva kokukhethwa, izakhamzimba zizoqhubeka nokulahleka. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo ezine-supply chain ephelele ngokuvamile zikhetha isikhathi sokuvuthwa esinomkhiqizo omkhulu kakhulu wezithako futhi zizenze zibe zintsha, futhi yonke inqubo yokukhetha izinto nokucubungula ithatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwamahora ayi-10. Akukho ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamzimba okungaphezu kwendlela izithako ezintsha ezithatha ngayo kusukela ekukhethweni, ekuthuthweni, ekuthengisweni, bese kuya esiqandisini somthengi.
Yiqiniso, amanye amavithamini angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa alahlekelwa ukushisa kwawo ngesikhathi sokufaka emathinini, kodwa izakhamzimba eziningi ziyagcinwa. Lokhu kulahlekelwa akusikho ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa izakhamzimba ezivela emifinweni ephekwe ekhaya nsuku zonke.
Ngezinye izikhathi, ukudla okusemathinini kungaba wusizo ekugcineni amavithamini. Isibonelo, utamatisi osemathinini, nakuba uhlanjululwe, iningi lokuqukethwe kwevithamini C lisekhona lapho liphuma efektri, futhi lizinzile. Esinye isibonelo yizinhlanzi ezisemathinini. Ngemva kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokuhlanza umfutho ophezulu, hhayi inyama namathambo ezinhlanzi kuphela okuthambile, kodwa futhi nenani elikhulu le-calcium liyancibilika. Okuqukethwe kwe-calcium ebhokisini lezinhlanzi ezisemathinini kungaba ngaphezu kweshumi kunezinhlanzi ezintsha ezinesisindo esifanayo. I-iron, i-zinc, i-iodine, i-selenium kanye nezinye izimbiwa ezinhlanzini ngeke zilahleke.
Kungani ukudla okusemathinini “okunamafutha” kungenakukwazi
Ezimweni eziningi, kunconywa ukuthi abathengi baye ezitolo ezinkulu noma ezitolo ezinkulu ukuze bathenge imikhiqizo kubakhiqizi abavamile, futhi bahlulele ikhwalithi yokudla okusemathinini kusukela ekubukekeni, ekupakishweni, ekhwalithini yezinzwa, ekulebheleni, kanye nophawu lomkhiqizo.
UWu Xiaomeng ukhumbuze ukuthi amathini amathini ensimbi ajwayelekile kufanele abe nesimo esiphelele, angaguquguquki, angalimali, angabi namabala okugqwala, futhi isembozo esingezansi kufanele sibe sigobile ngaphakathi; isikhungo sesembozo sensimbi samathini amabhodlela engilazi kufanele sincishiswe kancane, futhi okuqukethwe kufanele kubhekwe ngomzimba webhodlela. Isimo kufanele siphelele, isobho licacile, futhi akukho ukungcola.
Isikhumbuzo esikhethekile ukuthi uma uhlangabezana nezimo ezilandelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okuqukethwe ethini kuyakhanga kangakanani, ungakudli.
Esinye “ukulalela amafutha” okusemathinini, okungukuthi, ithangi lokunweba. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwanda kwethini ukuthi ingaphakathi lethini lingcoliswe yizinto ezincane futhi likhiqiza igesi. Lawa magesi aqoqana ngezinga elithile, okuzoholela ekuguqukeni kwethini. Ngakho-ke, ukudla okusemathinini “kuyasinda”, okusobala kakhulu ukuthi konakele.
Okwesibili, ukupakishwa okusemathinini kuyavuza futhi kuyakhunta. Enqubweni yokugcina nokuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo esemathinini, ngenxa yokuqhekeka nezinye izizathu, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kuzokhubazeka, futhi kuvuza umoya lapho kuvalwa khona isembozo sethini. Ukuvuza komoya kubangela ukuthi imikhiqizo esethinini ihlangane nomhlaba wangaphandle, futhi amagciwane angasebenzisa ithuba lokungena.
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-93.21% abaphenduli babenesinqumo esifanele salokhu. Kodwa-ke, cishe ama-7% abaphenduli babekholelwa ukuthi ukugoba okubangelwe ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwakungeyona inkinga enkulu, futhi bakhetha ukuthenga nokudla.
UWu Xiaomeng ukhumbuze ukuthi iningi lenyama ekheniwe nezithelo nemifino akusindi kakhulu, futhi kunconywa ukuthi uzidle ngesikhathi esisodwa ngemva kokuvula. Uma ungakwazi ukukuqeda, kufanele uzithululele esitsheni sokudla se-enamel, se-ceramic noma sepulasitiki, usivale nge-plastic wrap, usigcine esiqandisini, bese usidla ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nososo kashukela osemathinini kanye nejamu, okuqukethwe ushukela ngokuvamile kungu-40%-65%. Uma kuqhathaniswa, akulula ukuwohloka ngemva kokuvulwa, kodwa akufanele kube ukunganaki. Uma ungakwazi ukukudla konke ngesikhathi esisodwa, kufanele umboze imbiza, noma uyithululele kwesinye isitsha bese uyivala ngepulasitiki, bese uyigcina esiqandisini, bese uzama ukuyidla zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ekwindla nasebusika, ingagcinwa izinsuku ezimbalwa ezengeziwe.
Izixhumanisi Ezihlobene: I-Commercial Aseptic
Ukudla okusemathinini akugcini ngokuhlanzeka ngokuphelele, kodwa akugcini ngokuhlanzeka ngokwezentengiselwano. Ukuhlanzeka ngokwezentengiselwano kubhekisela esimweni lapho ukudla okusemathinini, ngemva kokuhlanza okuphakathi kokushisa, kungenazo izinto ezincane ezibangela izifo, futhi akunazo izinto ezincane ezibangela izifo ezinganda kuwo emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile. Esimweni sokungahlanzeki ngokwezentengiselwano, ukudla okusemathinini kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi kuphephile ukudliwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-04-2023